Day: July 16, 2019

Analytical-numerical Methods Researches of Chaotic Systems | Chapter 10 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

In this article the theoretical substantiation on the developed mathematical model of the analysis of transient processes of interacting heterogeneous hyperchaotic systems of fractional order is given.

The model represents a thermodynamically spectrum of the dimensions of Poincare’s return time. The thermodynamic category in open system is the entropy of Tsallis in fractional space.

Author(s) Details

B. I. Ismailov PhD

Faculty of “Information Technology and Control”, Department of “Instrumentation Engineering”, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic.

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Electrochemical, Spectrochemical and Quantum Chemical Studies on Dimedone as Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper in Acetonitrile | Chapter 09 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

A number of techniques have been applied in the investigation of inhibition abilities of dimedone (DMD) for copper in acetonitrile at 25°C. By potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the corrosion resistance was found to be increased with inhibitor concentration up to 93.68% inhibition efficiency at 3.00 mM, indicating that DMD molecules can cumulatively adsorb on the copper surface and finally form a protective film on copper-solution interface. This is also supported by the decreasing of copper oxidation in cyclic voltammogram. Polarization curves revealed that DMD is of mixed type inhibitor.

The adsorption of DMD on copper surface obeys the Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption mechanism is of physisorption type. The values of standard energy of adsorption (∆Goads) were found to be in good agreement for both polarization and impedance techniques to be -8.17 and -8.43 kJmol-1 respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the interaction of copper with oxygen on DMD. The mole ratio method suggested that the complexation ratio of copper-DMD is 1:2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of copper surface after immersion in DMD solution indicates the presence of a protective layer on the electrode surface. The frontier molecular orbital energy EHOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital), ELUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) and the Mulliken charge distribution obtained from Quantum chemical calculations revealed (∆E) for DMD 0.2091 hartree, reflecting strong adsorption of the molecules on copper surface. The enhanced corrosion inhibition is possibly due to the compact film structure blocking electron transfer at the electrode surface. This provides a typical example in understanding the system as well as interpretation of the data by both traditional and advanced technology to support the newly coming technology which would make science much more fruitful.

Author(s) Details

Pipat Chooto

Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.

Sontaya Manaboot

Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.

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Adsorptive Sequestration of Nitrophenol from Phenol Mixture onto Locust Bean Tree Sawdust | Chapter 08 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

The efficacy of an adsorbent prepared from sawdust of Locust bean treeto remove  4-Nitrophenol (4NP), from its aqueous solution and from binary and ternary mixture of phenols (with phenol or / and chlorophenol) was studied. Batch adsorption procedures were carried out to investigate the kinetics, isotherms  and  thermodynamics  of  the  adsorptive  removal,  as  well  as  the  influence  of  sawdust dosage,  pH,  initial  concentration  of  the  phenols  and  temperature  on  the  efficiency of  the process. Equilibrium was attained at 12 hours, with the optimum sawdust concentration of 5 g/L. The kinetics of the  adsorption  could best be  described  by pseudo-second  order model, while  Freundlich  isotherm gave  the  best  fit  in  all  the  systems  studied.  The  adsorption  process  was  thermodynamically  non-spontaneous at low temperatures as ∆G was positive; but it was endothermic in the single, binary and ternary systems.

Author(s) Details

Abdur-Rahim Adebisi Giwa

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.

Deborah Olubunmi Aderibigbe

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.

Asiata Omotayo Ibrahim

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.

Isah Adewale Bello

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.

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A Comparison of Map-Based Methods for Handling Type-2 and Type-3 Problems of Digital Circuit Design | Chapter 07 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

With the advent of digital computers, several prominent problems of digital circuit design emerged. A particular  elementary  class  of  these  problems,  (called  Type-2  problems)  can  be  divided  into  two subclasses depending on whether an honest translator is possible or a sneaky translator is warranted. The case of an honest translator is simply an inverse problem of logic, in which knowledge of the vectorial function Z(X) is utilised to produce its inverse vectorial function X(Z). Though an old method of solving type-2 problems was known almost half a century ago, two modern map-based methods are now possible, namely the method of Boolean-equation solving and the method of input-domain constraining.  The  paper  aims  to  expose  and  illustrate  these  two  novel  methods,  with  stress  on comparing them together and demonstrating their superiority to (as well as an agreement with) the old conventional method. This purpose is achieved by way of three typical classical examples for which conventional solutions are somewhat tedious and cumbersome, while modern solutions are simple and  insightful.  Throughout  these  examples,  the  Karnaugh  map  is  effectively  utilised,  either  in  its conventional version or in its variable-entered version. The Boolean-equation-solving method seems toinvolve certain unwarranted steps that might be possibly skipped. However, its map-based variant is an effective method for handling a related class of digital-design problems called Type-3 problems. An example of a Type-3 problem is given to show how this method resolves and circumvents a certain discrepancy  that  conventional  techniques  fell  short  of  handling  completely.  The  present  study exposed, illustrated, and compared the two methods of Boolean-equation solving and input-domain constraining, which are novel methods for handling Type-2 problems of digital circuit design. Three typical  classical  examples  are  presented,  for  which  known  conventional  methods  of  solution  are somewhat tedious and cumbersome, while the map-based methods of solution presented herein are simple and insightful. Throughout these examples, the Karnaugh map is effectively utilised, either in its  conventional  version  or  in  its  variable-entered  version.  When  used  with  Type-2  problems,  the Boolean-equation-solving method seems to involve certain unwarranted steps that might be possibly skipped. However, its map-based variant is an effective method for handling a related class of digital-design problems called Type-3 problems. An example of a Type-3 problem is given to show how this method  resolves  and  circumvents  a  certain  discrepancy  that  conventional  techniques  fell  short  of handling completely.

Author(s) Details

Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O.Box80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

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Physicochemical Characterization and the Effect of Flow-Distance on Correlation between Chemical and Biochemical Oxygen Demands of Industrial Wastewaters | Chapter 05 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

This work was carried out to establish the effects of the activities of a cluster of industries in Jos-South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria, on the environmental quality of the industrial area. Some physicochemical parameters –temperature, pH, turbidity, suspended solids (SS), total solids (TS), total hardness, alkalinity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy  metals  (Cu²⁺,  Co²⁺,  Fe²⁺&  Zn²⁺),  phosphates,  nitrates,  sulphates  and  chlorides –of  the wastewaters  from  the  various  industries  were  investigated  using  standard  protocols.  Also,  the influence of flow-distance on the empirical correlation between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewaters was investigated. Wastewater samples were collected at point-sources and at 25, 50, 75 and 100m distances from the point-sources. Sampling was done twice a week for a full seasonal cycle at peak production period (morning and evening). The samples’ pH was adjusted to 7 using 0.5M acid for basic samples and 1.0M alkali for acidic samples, de-chlorinated using 0.0125M Na₂S₂O₃ and seeded when necessary and then diluted with de-ionized water. The ranges of the parameters were as follows: temperature: 22 –32°C, pH: 5.5 –10.4, SS: 0 –1,300  mg/L,  TS:  200 –1.400  mg/L,  sulphate:  0.37 –1.37  mg/L,  nitrites:  0.10 –1.09  mg/L  and phosphate: 14.80 –21.83 mg/L.  The phosphate values, especially, were in excess of the maximum contamination limit specified by Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organization  (WHO);  and  are  capable  of  triggering  eutrophication,which  will  in  turn  increase BOD/COD   values.  Concentrations  of  heavy  metals,  determined  by  Atomic   Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), ranged as follows: 0.07 –2.01 mg/L for Cu²⁺, 0.58 –3.27 mg/L for Fe²⁺, 0.01 –3.18 mg/L for Zn²⁺ and 0.11 –0.18 mg/L for Co²⁺ whose specified standard is not available. BOD₅ values ranged between 5.34 –25.88 mg/L while COD values ranged from 727.30 –8,308.66 mg/L.   Some BOD₅ values were in excess of the allowable limit while all COD values were observed to be very high. This implies an appreciable level of pollution exists here and recipient water bodies of these wastewaters are at  risk of being polluted. COD and BOD₅ of the wastewaters from different sources  highly  correlated  with  correlation  coefficients  ranging  0.9396-0.9985.  The  empirical correlation  between  COD  and  BOD₅ was  generally  maintained  despite  the  distance  of  flow  of  the wastewater  from  point-source  and  contributions  of  washings  from  farmlands  and  other  human activities  i.e.  the  correlation  between  COD  and  BOD₅ for  wastewaters  was  not  affected  by  flow distance. The correlation equations for the industries may, therefore, be used to deduce rapid effluent quality from chemical oxygen demand (COD) of sample from any point along the effluent flow path.

Author(s) Details

O. M. Myina

Department of Chemical Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria.

A. O. Lawal

Department of Applied Science, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria.

B. M. Ajiga

Jehovah Nissi Boutique and Accessories, Lagos, Nigeria.

A. Edah

Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.

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Superluminal Hydrogen Atom in a Constant Magnetic Field in (3+1)-dimensional Spacetime (I) | Chapter 04 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

In this paper, we have checked Stern-Gerlach experiment with the aim to study generic effect of an applied magnetic field onto transversely directed beam of hydrogen-like atoms. The ultrarelativistic phenomenon of spin of a Dirac particle (especially, electron spin) producing a continuum of linear angular momentum with the known result of superluminal propagation, suggests the feasibility of similar dynamics for a charged hydrogen-like particle under applied magnetic field, in spacetime. Another mechanism, very important but popularly less comprehensible, which sustains this linear momentum is known to be helical plane wave expansion. Hydrogen-like spherical waves cannot perform this function due to the perturbation caused by the successive random orientations of their atomic magnetic moment. It is therefore of vital import to investigate experimentally, as well as analytically, the possibility of transformation from hydrogen-like spherical wave expansion to its probable plane wave function, if we would extend our special subatomic theory of superluminal particles to the atomic (hydrogen-like) level.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Emmanuel D. K. Gazoya

National Nuclear Research Institute / ARC, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Box LG 80,Ghana.

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Improved Dual Electrothermal Microgripper based on a Chevron actuator | Chapter 03 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

In  Micro-Electro-Mechanical  Systems  (MEMS)  technology,  there  is  an  important  interest  in  the characterization of devices using dynamic analysis, which is a technique to determine the dynamic behavior of a structure or component, involving time, inertia and the possibly damping of the structure. This  paper  is  focused  on  the  analysis  and  simulation  of  an  improved  dual  microgripper  and  its components:  microcantilever  and  chevron.  In  addition,  a  movement  amplifier  based  on  an arrangement of beams was also designed in order to improve the  opening  of each  jaw of the top gripper. Dual microgrippers are designed on silicon and implemented using Professional Autodesk Inventor. Top gripper is initially closed, while the down one is initially open. The analytical response of the  microgripper  components was acquired with Steady-State Thermal, Static Structural, and Modal modules of Ansys Workbench Software. The  dynamic  behavior,  resonance  frequencies  for  chevron  actuator  and  dual  microgrippers  are presented.  Simulation  results  show  the  modal  shapes  of  allanalyzed  devices,  determining  their respective modal frequencies. A comparison between initial and improved dual  microgrippers was also  performed. About the top grippers, the increment showed by the improved microgripper in total displacement is of 24.4%, and the temperature distribution only showed a little reduction (7%). For the case of the down gripper, the total displacement decrease in approximately 50%, force remains without change and its temperature shows a little decrement (7.2%). In both dual microgrippers, the biggest temperature value resides in the chevron inside, at the top part of its shuttle, with 162.76°C. Supply voltage was considered from 0 to 7 V. This swept could be useful to determine  the  more  appropriate  voltage  level  to  obtain  adesirable  response.  In  each  analyzed device, their corresponding modal shapes, using FEA, were determined. The modal shapes analysis allow to understand the performance of the analyzed devices, at the correspondent frequency. From the comparison between initial and improved dual microgrippers, implemented with Silicon, special attention was given to the top grippers. Total displacement showed by the improved microgripper has a  maximum  value  of  0.86  μm.  Third  natural  frequency  remains  almost  without  change (4.7%), increasing at 70.38 kHz and the temperature distribution only showed a little reduction (7%, maximum temperature was  of 131.49°C), which is better for practical applications. For the case of the down grippers of improved dual microgripper, the total displacement decrease in approximately 50% (with a value of 0.18 μm), force remains without change (3.8 μN) and its temperature decreases (7.2%), at 162.77°C, which is also better for practical applications. These parameters values of the improved dual microgripper are illustrative for possible applications.

Author(s) Details

Margarita Tecpoyotl Torres

Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, IICBA-CIICAp-UAEM, Mexico.

Pedro Vargas Chablé

Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, IICBA-CIICAp-UAEM, Mexico.

Alejandra Ocampo Diaz

Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, IICBA-CIICAp-UAEM, Mexico.

Ramon Cabello Ruiz

Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos (UTEZ), Mexico.

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Assay of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) Utilizing Isocratic Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography | Chapter 02 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

Aims: To demonstrate an analysis for  vitamin B6 from commercial aqueous  nutritional drinks  and solid tablets, utilizing isocratic conditions with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV detection at 290 nm.

Study Design: Vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxine hydrochloride is assayed by HPLC from various samples.

Place  and  Duration  of  Study: Department  of  Chemistry,  Durham  Science  Center,  University  of Nebraska, Omaha Nebraska from May to August 2016.

Methodology: Utilizing a reversed-phase C-18 column with eluent solvent (19% ethanol, 77% water, 4% acetic acid), the samples were prepared in sample solvent (19% ethanol, 81% distilled water). Detection  of  vitamin B6  was  accomplished  at  290  nm.  Analysis  of  samples  was  done  following solubilizing in aqueous conditions having ethanol at 10% to 20% (v/v). Column pressure at 1900 psig, rise time 0.1 with flow rate 1.0 mL/minute. Elution peak for vitamin B6 occurred con sistently at 1.6 minutes. Nutritional samples, aqueous samples, and solid pills were prepared in aqueous solvent with various levels of ethanol.

Results: Levels  of  vitamin B6  detected were  as  low  as  4.4029×10-5 molar  to  7.8081×10-4 molar.  Sensitivity for vitamin B6 was highest at 290 nm. Reverse phase isocratic conditions is shown to be effective  for  determination of  vitamin B6  in  aqueous  based  samples. Standard  curves  applied  are highly  linear  in  range  from  zero  to  7.8081×10-4 molar  (y  =  112,521,145.5x +  2,818.6),  having coefficient of determination (R²= 0.9948) with very strong positive correlation coefficient (r= 0.9974). Percent recovery of vitamin ranged from 95% to 105%.  Amounts of vitamin present in drinks from same manufacturer were consistent.

Conclusion: Utilizing reversed phase column, isocratic solvent conditions with ethanol in water, and a UV detector set at 290 nm is effective for determination of vitamin B6.  Ethanol – water solvent system is effective. Vitamin B6 was found in various amou nts in nutritional drinks tested. Percent recovery of  vitamin averaged 101% with a standard deviation of 2.4%. Pyridoxine hydrochloride was effectively assayed  from  aqueous  samples,  vitamin  preparations,  and  vitamin  tablets. The  methodology presented in th is study will be useful for quality control analysis for commercial production.  Analysis methods for vitamin assay are a necessary objective to ensure quality control of commercial products and medicinal applications.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Ronald Bartzatt

University of Nebraska, Durham Science Center, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA.

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Montmorillonite-silica Nanocomposite for Dye Removal from Solution | Chapter 01 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3

Dyes  are  used  in  various  industries  such  as  pharmaceutical,  cosmetic,  paper,  leather,  food  stuff, plastics, and textile etc. The dye effluents are discharged into environment by either water or land. The discharge of these effluents into the receiving environments results in hazardous health problems as most of these dyes have carcinogenic effects on the living organisms. Congo red was removed on Montmorillonite-silica nanocomposite from solution by adsorption process. The adsorption parameters studied  were adsorbent  dose,  initial  concentration  and  contact  time.  The  optimum  adsorption parameters were found to be 2 mg/L, 1.5 g and 40 minutes for initial concentration, adsorbent dose and  contact  time  respectively  with  removal  percentage  of  84.10%.  Pseudo  first and  second  order kinetics were used for the studies. Pseudo second order best fit the adsorption process with R²= 1 than the Pseudo first order which has R²= 0.933. Experimental data were best fitted by the Langmuir Isotherm  with  R²=0.9024  other  than  the  Freundlich  Isotherm,  R²=0.568.  The  RL  of  0.994  of  the Langmuir  isotherm  shows  the  favourability  of  the  adsorption  process.  The  maximum  adsorption capacity by Langmuir isotherm was found to be 172. 40 mg/g. The adsorption process of Congo red was  carried  out  using  Montmorilonite  silica  nanocomposite.  From  the  experimental  data  the percentage removal of 84.10% obtained at an optimum initial concentration of 2 mg/l, an optimum adsorbent dose of 1.5 g and optimum contact time of 40 minutes. Experimental data were best fitted by the Langmuir Isotherm with R²=0.9024 other than the Freudlich Isotherm, R²=0.568. The pseudo second order kinetic with R²= 1 best fit the adsorption process other than the pseudo second order kinetics,  R²=0.933. Therefore, montmorillonite-silica  nanocomposite  obtained  from montmorillonite clay and Rice husk ash can serve as a cost-effective adsorbent in the removal of Congo red dye.

Author(s) Details

Dr Danbature Wilson Lamayi

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.

Zaccheus Shehu

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.

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