The pollutant fate and transport in a river or stream is governed by some physical and chemical processes, which can be formally interpreted considering an elementary volume of the water body. Some principal expressions of pollutant concentration are formulated, which will be useful for the development of the mathematical models. Evaluating the pollutant concentration in the water volume assists in finding how the contact of pollutant with water controls its final quality.
Author(s) Details
Atish Sagar Agricultural Engineering at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Pankaj Malkani Agricultural Engineering at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Abhinav Dubey Agricultural Engineering at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Prashant Singh Agricultural Engineering at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Background: Recent studies have shown that wastewater is contaminated by salmonella sp., pathogenic antibiotics-resisting bacteria. Using wastewater in periurban agriculture in Abidjan is likely to be the source of food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis. However, what we know about these resistant salmonella spp. in wastewater is limited in the country.
Aims:
This study aims to establish the susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp.,
isolated from wastewater to antibiotics and to antimetabolite commonly used by
medical practitioners.
Study
Design: Spatio-temporal variation was taken
into account.
Place
and Duration of Study: The study took place from August 2008
to January 2009 at the main campus of the University of Cocody in Abidjan.
Methodology:
Sampling was done on a weekly basis. Wastewater samples were collected at four
different sewers in the campus area. Salmonella sp was isolated by a standard
method of laboratory. The resistance of these isolated species to antibiotics
was determined according to the disk diffusion method of Kirby-Baeur. The
serotypes of salmonella were identified with the Kauffman-White table
Results:
Five serotypes of eleven strains, which consist of 4 Hato, 3 Farmsen, 2 Derby,
1 Essen and 1 Ovonmouth, were isolated and tested in order to determine their
resistance to antibiotics. Amongst the
various classes of antibiotics, high resistance was found to sulfonamid (100%),
followed by cefotaxime (46.67%) and tetracycline (9.1%). Ampicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid,
gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacine, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol had a high
potentiality: their efficacity in the elimination of the Salmonella sp was
proved at a level of 100%. Although the majority of strains tested (85.94%)
were eliminated by the antibiotics, the serotypes Derby, Hato and Farmsen showed resistance.
Conclusion:
The Wastewater in the area of the main campus of the University of Cocody
contains the antibiotic-resisting strains of salmonella sp. In spite of the
fact that the efficacity of some antibiotics in the elimination of Salmonella
sp. is proved, the resistance of these strains to third generation of
cephalosporin and sulfamid is worrisome. Further studies should be carried out
to determine the effects of this antibiotic-resisting salmonella species on
humain health. This study revealed, the presence of various Salmonella
serotypes in wastewater Salmonella Derby, S. Essen, S. Farmsen, S. Hato and S.
ovonmouth. It also showed out the degree of resistance of these strains to commonly
used antibiotic drugs. It also revealed that the strains are resistant to 3rd
generation cephalosporins (β-lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime)), cyclin including
tetracycline and antimetabolites (sulfonamide). Even though, 11.58% of
Salmonella strains resisted to antibiotics, Salmonella serovars remain totally
sensitive to phenicoles,
aminoglycosides, quinolones and other β-lactam particularly the penicillins
Group A. These phenotypic characters of Salmonella allow to understand the
challenges related to the treatment of salmonellosis and also to understand the
necessity on a rational use of antibiotics.
Author(s) Details
Coulibaly Kalpy Julien Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Laboratory Studies and Research Chemicals and Microbiological Contaminants in Foods (UNERCO) Unit, Côte d’Ivoire. Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Pasteur Institute, Côte d’Ivoire.
Gadji Alahou André Gabazé Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Laboratory Studies and Research Chemicals and Microbiological Contaminants in Foods (UNERCO) Unit, Côte d’Ivoire. Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, University Nangui Abrogoua, Côte d’Ivoire.
Koffi Kouadio Stephane Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Pasteur Institute, Côte d’Ivoire.
Yapo Ossey Bernard, PhD Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, University Nangui Abrogoua, Côte d’Ivoire.
Professor Dosso Mireille Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Laboratory Studies and Research Chemicals and Microbiological Contaminants in Foods (UNERCO) Unit, Côte d’Ivoire.
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